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                  4.5. Case studies

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                  Case study 1. From farm to fork: an efficient food
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                  An  agropreneur  has  a  vast  amount  of  farming  land  where  he/she  produces  several
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                  f f fruits such as apples and pears. The business started with the production and distribution
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                  of these fruits, as the agropreneur inherited the lands from his/her parents. For a while,
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                  the agropreneur followed this business strategy. A couple of years ago, he/she decided
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                  it  was  time  to  expand  the  business  by  following  a  new  trend  of  establishing  touristic
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                  activities  on  agricultural  lands,  associated  with  traditional  agricultural  business.  Small
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                  s such as apple/pear picking.
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                  As soon as the agrotourism business kicked-off it was a huge success and allowed the
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                  agropreneur to have an alternative, and more regular, source of income, particularly
                  a g r o p r e n e u r   t o   h a v e   a n   a l t e r n a t i v e ,    a n d   m o r e   r e g u l a r ,    s o u r c e   o f    i n c o m e ,   p a r t i c u l a r l y
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                  since in latest years it was not always possible to predict the success of apple or pears
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                  p p r r o d u c t t i i o n     d u e     t t o     e x t t r r e m e     w e a t t h e r r     c o n d i i t t i i o n s s . .     A f f t t e r r     a     w h i i l l e , ,     t t h e     a g r r o p r r e n e u r r     r r e a l l i i s s e d
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                  production due to extreme weather conditions. After a while, the agropreneur realised
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                  that a lot of money was being invested in providing everyday meals to tourists and that
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                         a
                  a lot was being wasted, so perhaps an alternative solution that better managed food
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                                                                                    g
                          o
                                                                                                      d
                                                                                e
                                        c
                                                                                      o
                           m
                                      a
                                                   h
                                             e
                                                                                       p
                                                                d
                                                       a
                                                                                               w
                                          v
                                                                                                 a
                                                                        u
                                                                                         e
                       e
                                                               u
                  w w a s s t t e      f f r r o m      t t o u r r i i s s m      a c t t i i v i i t t i i e s s      i i n      t t h e      f f a r r m      c o u l l d      b e      f f o u n d . .      T T h e      a g r r o p r r e n e u r r      w a n t t e d
                                                                   b
                                                                                                    e
                                   m
                  waste  from  tourism  activities  in  the  farm  could  be  found.  The  agropreneur  wanted
                                                                                           e
                                                             o
                    a
                                                         m
                                                                                                   n
                                                                                          n
                                                                    e
                  h i s / h e r   a g r o t o u r i s m   t o   b e c o m e   i n c r e a s i n g l y   k n o w n   f o r   i t s  s u s t a i n a b l e   p r a c t i c e s .
                  his/her agrotourism to become increasingly known for its sustainable practices.
                                                                              g
                                                                                                     a
                                                   u
                                                                           e
                                                                                              d
                                                           n
                                                                  m
                                                        e
                                 p
                                                                                                    h
                                                  c
                                                                                                 d
                                                                                           e
                                                c
                                                              m
                                                                                             c
                                                                                          d
                       e
                                                                      e
                     d
                          b
                           y
                                                                                       u
                                    n
                               e
                                                                                  p
                                                                y
                                                             o
                    u
                                                                     d
                  G G u i i d e d     b y     t t h e     p r r i i n c i i p l l e s s     o f f     a     c i i r r c u l l a r r     e c o n o m y     m o d e l l , ,     t t h e     a g r r o p r r e n e u r r     d e c i i d e d     t t h a t t
                                                                          h
                                                          o
                                     c
                                                     a
                                                                                     n
                                      p
                                                                                o
                                           o
                                                                                    e
                                                                             a
                  Guided by the principles of a circular economy model, the agropreneur decided that
                              h
                                                                    o
                        d
                                        e
                                                                                      e
                                                         c
                                                                                                e
                                              a
                                                                                    h
                           o

                       s
                                                                                                 w
                                                                              f
                                                                                                      d
                                           r
                          t

                                                                                       h
                                                                        a
                                                                                     c
                                                        a
                                                         e

                    e
                                                                                             s
                                                 m
                                                         l
                                                      c
                                                                                  w
                                                s
                                             a


                           i
                             n
                  t
                                                                                          o
                                                             e
                         u
                                                      s

                                                                   b
                  the  solution  was  to  start  a  small-scale  vegetable  farm,  for  which  tourists  would
                   h
                                                                               o
                                                                e
                                         t
                                                                                r
                                                                                         t
                               w
                         l
                                        s
                                                   a

                                                                                                   o
                                                               g
                                                                          m
                                                                            ,

                                                                  a
                                  s
                                     o
                                                                                           u

                                     t
                                                                                              t
                       o
                                                                                     i
                                                                                             i
                                                                                                     l
                                                                     l
                                                                          r
                                                                     e
                                                     l
                                         a


                                                                                                    u
                                                            v
                                                                        f
                                                                                            r
                                                    l
                                 a

                                                                                               s
                                                                 t
                                           t
                  contribute as part of their countryside experience. The food produced in this part of the
                  c o n t r i b u t e   a s   p a r t   o f   t h e i r   c o u n t r y s i d e   e x p e r i e n c e .   T h e   f o o d   p r o d u c e d   i n   t h i s   p a r t   o f   t h e
                                                                                   d

                      i

                                                               o
                                                                                   d
                                                                                     w
                                                                       t
                                                                       t
                                   l
                                                               o
                                   l
                      i
                                                                      s
                                                                  t
                                                                  t

                                             u
                           a

                                                                    u
                                                       e


                                                                    u
                                             u
                                                       e
                     m
                                                                                         m
                                                                                         m
                                                                   o
                                                                   o
                                                                                       t
                     m
                                              d
                                              d

                                                                                       t

                           a
                                                                 f


                                                                      i
                                                                                                  d
                                                                 f
                                               e
                                                                      s
                                                                                     w
                                                                                n
                                               e
                                                                                                  d
                                  u
                                                                                       h
                                                                                       h
                                  u
                                                                                i
                    r
                                                                                i
                                            l
                                            l
                                                                                n
                                                                      i
                    r
                                                                     r
                                                                     r
                                                   n
                                                   n
                                      b

                                                   i
                                                                                                      h

                                                                                           e
                                                                           o
                                                      h
                                                                           o
                                      b
                                                                                              t
                                                                                              t
                                                                                                     i
                                         i
                                         i
                               w
                                                                                           e
                            n
                          l
                                                                          c
                                                                          c
                                                   i
                                                            a
                                                                                                     i
                                                                                                      h
                                                            a
                                                                                 e
                  f f
                                                                              b
                                                                              b
                                       e


                                                                            m
                  farming land would be included in the meals of tourists, combined with meat and fish
                                                     t
                                                     t
                                                         m
                                                                                               a
                                                                                               a
                                                         m
                                                           e
                                                                                                     s

                                                           e
                                                                                 e

                                                                                                     s
                                 o
                                       e
                                                                            m
                                 o
                        g
                        g
                                                      h
                                                              s
                       n
                   a
                                                              s
                                    d
                                                                                      i

                          l


                             d
                   a

                       n
                               w
                                                                                             a
                                                                                             a

                                                                                                    f
                                           c
                                           c
                                                                                                    f
                                                                        s
                                                 d
                                                                        s
                                                 d



                                          n
                                                                                      i
                                          n
                                                                                                 n
                             d
                                                                                                 n
                            n




                                    d
                                                              l
                                                              l
                                                                         ,
                                                                         ,
                  b o u g h t    f r o m    o t h e r    l o c a l    a g r o p r e n e u r s    a    m o r e    l o c a l    d i s t r i b u t i o n    c h a n n e l .    T h e    f o o d
                  bought  from  other  local  agropreneurs  –  a  more  local  distribution  channel.  The  food
                                            l
                                                                               e
                                                                           h
                                                                       r
                                                                             t
                                                                                 a
                                                                                                 s

                                                                             h
                                                                      e

                                                                                               a
                                                                    h
                                                                                                   f

                                         c
                                                                          i
                                           a
                                                                                              e
                                                                                  p
                                                                          t
                                         s
                                                                        w

                                                                    t
                                                                                   p
                                                                                                 r
                                                                                         n
                                                                                        a

                                            e
                                                                                             p
                                                 g
                                                          a


                                                           r
                                                       l
                                                    a
                                                                  e
                  produced at the small-scale vegetable farm, together with the apples and pears from
                                                                o
                                                                                          d
                                                                                     e
                                                   t
                                              v
                                                                                                     m
                                                                 g
                                                               t
                                                            m
                                                      b
                                                       e
                                                                                                   r
                                                                                                    o
                                                                                      s
                                                e

                                                         f

                                                                                     l
                                                  e
                                                              ,

                                                                                                      d

                                    o
                                                                                                 t
                                                                                                 t

                   h
                                                          a
                          t
                      t
                      t
                           i
                                  g

                                            s
                           i
                       r
                                                                                                   f
                                                   h
                                                            p
                                  g
                                                            p
                                                                d
                                   r
                                                                                       o

                                                                d
                                   r

                                            s
                                    o
                                                                         e
                                                                         e
                          i

                                                              o
                                                   h
                                       u
                            o

                         d
                         d
                                                              o
                                                                                            e
                  t t
                                                                                            e
                                                              r
                                                              r
                       r
                                                                                                    e
                                                          a
                                          e
                                                                                                    e
                                       u
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                                                                              a
                                          e
                                                                                  f
                   h
                                                                                d
                                                                        m
                                                d
                                                                                  f
                                                                                d
                             n
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                                 a
                             n
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                                                                                                    i
                            o
                                 a
                                                                                           f
                                                                                      n
                                                        c
                               l
                                                                        m
                                                d
                                                                                      n
                                                                                           f

                       a

                              a

                    e

                                                                           a
                                                                           a
                                                       o
                                                       o

                                         i
                                                   t

                    e
                              a
                                                                                                  i

                                                                                                a
                                                                                                a
                  the traditional agrobusiness and the local producers’ meat and fish now fed satisfied

                                                                                   s
                                     b
                                                                                                   s
                                     b
                                                                   e
                                                                   e
                                              a
                                                     e
                                                                            t
                                                                            t
                                                       l
                                        s
                                                                                                   s
                                                                                             d
                                                                                             d
                                        s
                                                                                   s
                                                           l
                                                                  c
                                                       l
                                              a
                                                           l
                                                                  c
                       a
                                                     e
                                         i
                                                                                               s
                                                                                    h



                               l
                                                                     s
                                                                     s
                                         n
                                         n
                                                                                    h
                                                                      ’
                                                                      ’
                                                                                               s
                                                                                                   f
                                               n

                                               n
                                                                                         w
                                                                                         w
                                                                                   i
                                                                                   i
                          t


                                            s
                                                                                       o
                                                                                                  i
                                                                     r
                                                   t
                          i
                                                                     r

                                                                               n
                                                                 u
                                                                 u
                                                                               n
                                            s

                                       d
                           a
                        s
                       t
                                                   r
                                                         l
                                                                           s
                                                   i
                               u
                                                                          e
                                                             d
                                    r
                                                           r
                                                                             .
                                                            o

                                         p

                                                  e
                    u
                                                                     p
                                             o
                                                                  i
                                                                            s
                                                          p
                     r
                                                    m

                                           r
                                                                 t
                                                                       r
                      i
                                            t

                                     e


                                                                c
                                     t
                                                t

                                                        a
                                              f
                  tourists, that supported part of their meal production process.
                              s
                                                      e
                                p
                             t
                          t
                  t
                                 p
                                          a

                                                                        c
                          h

                                                                       o
                        ,
                                                                  o
                   o
                      s
                                                               u
                                                                   n
                                                h
                                   o
                                                                             o
                                                   n
                  Moreover,  food  leftovers  would  now  go  through  a  composting  process,  to  provide
                                                                                        e
                                                                                    p
                                                                  h
                                                                                 g
                                             o
                               o
                                                                                                p
                                                                                n
                                   e
                              o
                                                                    a
                  M M o r r e o v e r r , ,      f f o o d      l l e f f t t o v e r r s s      w o u l l d      n o w      g o      t t h r r o u g h      a      c o m p o s s t t i i n g      p r r o c e s s s s , ,      t t o      p r r o v i i d e
                         e
                                                                                             o
                                                                                                   v
                                                    o
                                                                         m
                                                                u
                                                                                       c
                                                        g
                                                            h
                                                                                     o
                                                                                                      e
                                                                       c
                                                                        o
                                                                           p
                                                                                                    d
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                        v
                                                d
                                                     w
                                      o
                                        e
                                                                 g
                                               u
                                       v
                    o
                                            w
                                d
                                                                                                  o
                      e
                                                         o
                       o
                                                                            n
                                                                            n

                               h


                                                      n
                                                                                        r
                                                      n
                                                                                                      e
                           o
                                      o
                                                                                                      e
                                      o
                                                                                t
                                                                                t
                                e
                         s
                                e
                                                       d
                                                                                        r
                                                       d
                                                                                            h
                                                                                            h

                                                     a

                                                                              d
                                                                              d
                                       f
                                       f
                                                     a
                                                         p
                                                         p
                                                                                      e
                         s
                           o
                                                                                               a
                                                                                               a


                                                                                o
                                                                                      e
                                                                                o

                                                                                                    t
                                                                       t
                                                                       t

                                                               p
                                                               p
                                                p
                                  s
                                                                 r
                                                                 r
                                  s
                                                                                                    t
                                                                                                  i
                                                                                                  i

                                                                                     n



                                           w


                                                                       i
                                                                                  g
                                                                                  g
                                                                       i
                                                                        o
                                                                        o
                                                p
                           f
                                                                                         t
                                                                                         t
                                                                                    e
                                                                    u
                                               p

                                                                    u
                                             a
                                                                   d
                                                                   d
                                             a
                                                                                    e
                                   o
                                   o

                                                                                             e
                                                                     c
                                                                     c
                                                                                             e
                           f
                                                                                                  n
                                                                                                  n
                                                                 o
                                                                 o
                                               p


                              t
                              t
                                           w
                                                                                        a
                                                                                        a
                  nutrients for the soil of new apples and pears production and to generate heat in the
                                                   s
                                        n
                                                   s
                                    i

                                                            a
                                                            a



                                                                           a
                             r


                                     l
                                     l
                             r
                                                           e
                                                                                                t
                                                                                                t
                                                                           a
                               h
                                                           e
                                        n
                                                                                                     h


                                                              s
                                                             r
                                                             r
                                                                                     n



                                                 l
                                                 l
                                                              s
                                                                                          e
                                                                                          e
                                          e
                                                                                                     h
                                    i
                                          e
                                                                         n
                                                                         n
                                                  e
                                                  e
                                g
                                   b
                                                                                       d
                                                                                 o
                                 h
                                                                                              .
                           t
                                     o

                           h
                                                                                             s
                                                                                  m
                                                                                    m
                                    i
                                                                                            n
                                                                                      o
                                                                     o
                                                                     t

                                                                       u
                                            b
                                                                                                  r

                                                                 e
                                               g
                                             i
                                                                   n
                                              o
                                         s
                                                                                                 o
                                                                         s
                                                                           c
                                                                          i
                                                                          t
                              u
                                           /
                                                                                         a
                                          s
                                                                        i
                                                                        r
                                                                                                   t
                                                     i
                             r
                                                     n
                                                                                                     i
                                                         e
                                                                                           i
                                                                                                       ,

                                                                                           o
                                                        h
                                                        t
                                                                                                      s
                                                               o
                                                                                                    h
                             o
                                                                d
                                                a
                                                                                          t
                  winter  –  through  biomass/biogas  –  in  the wooden  touristic  accommodations.  For  this,
                                                            w

                                                  s
                                                             o


                                      m
                                                                             a
                                                                                                F
                                        a
                                                                                c

                                                                              c
                                 r
                                                               a
                                                                              u
                                                               a
                   h
                                                c
                               e

                                                                                                    i
                               e
                                                              e
                                                 o
                                 r
                                                              e
                                                                              u
                                                                                                    i
                         r
                                                 o
                                                                 i
                            e
                                                                                          v


                                                                 i
                                                                 n
                                                                                          v
                    e
                                                                             t
                                       s
                                                                 n
                                                                             t
                                                                                           d
                                                                                           d
                                                c

                   h
                                                                                    d
                                                                                    d


                                                                t
                                                                t
                  t t
                                                        t
                                                      o
                                u
                                                        t
                                u
                                                      o
                                     e
                         o
                                                        i
                                     e
                                                        i
                                                                                        r
                                                                                e
                                                       s
                                                                                e
                                                                                           i
                                                                                           i
                                                       s
                                                                                                      g
                                                                                                      g
                                                                                      p
                                                                                        r
                                                                                      p
                                                                                                     n
                                                                                                     n
                                                           /


                                                  m
                                                            h
                  the agropreneur invested in a composting/heating infrastructure and provided training
                                                            h
                                                  m
                         r
                                                           /
                                                                               r
                                                    p
                                                         n
                         o
                                                         n
                                                    p
                                                                                            e
                                                                                            e
                                                                               r
                                                          g
                                                          g
                    e
                                                                                                 a

                                                                                                 a
                                    v

                                                                         s
                                                                                                t
                                                                         s
                            r
                                    v
                                                                       a
                                            i
                      a
                      a
                                   n
                                   n

                                                                       a

                                                                       r
                                                                       r
                                                                                        o
                                                                                        o
                       g
                                        e
                       g
                                                                           u
                                                                           u
                                                                          r
                                        e
                                                                          r
                                                                                                r
                                                                                  a
                                          d
                                                                                  a
                                          d
                                                                                              d
                                                                         t
                                                                         t
                                                                                                t
                                                                                              d
                                                                                                r
                                            i

                          p
                                                                     n
                                                                     n
                                                                                                  i

                                   i
                                   i

                                                                    i
                          p
                                                                                                  i
                                                                    i

                              n
                            r

                              n
                                       s
                                                                                                   n
                                            n
                                                                  g
                                                                  g
                                                                      f
                                                                      f
                            e
                                        t
                                                                                                   n
                                                                            c
                                        t

                                                                            c
                                                                                   n
                                              a
                                            n
                                                                                   n
                                              a
                             i
                             i

                                r

                                                                                       f
                                                                                        r
                                                                                            u
                              s
                              s
                                                                                          s
                                                                                         a
                                                                                          s
                                                                                         a
                                                                                        r
                                                                                            u
                                                                                           r
                                                                                           r
                               t
                                                                                           t
                                                                                           t
                             n
                               t
                             n
                                                                                       f
                                r
                                                                   w
                                                                   w
                                              h
                                              h


                                             /
                                             /
                                                                  o
                                               e
                                                                 h

                                               e
                                                                                                   a
                                                                  o
                                                                 h
                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                 e
                                           h
                                                                       o
                                                                                                 e


                                           h

                                                                       o


                                            s
                                            s
                                                                      t
                                            i
                                            i
                                                                      t
                                                         e
                                                           e
                                                                                                      d
                                                         e
                                                   m
                                                            s
                                                           e
                                                   m
                                                                                                      d
                                                      l
                                                      l
                                                       o
                                                       o
                                                     p
                                                     p
                                                        y
                                                        y

                                                 r
                                                                                                    n

                                                               n

                                                 r
                                                               n
                                                             o
                                                  e
                                                  e
                                                            s
                  and clear instructions to his/her employees on how to use the new infrastructure and
                                                                                                    n
                                                             o



                           r
                           r

                                                                                              t

                                                                                 n
                                                                                              t

                                      s
                                      s
                                                                                               u
                                                                               e
                                     n
                                     n
                                                                               e

                                                                                             c
                                                                                             c
                                                                                   w
                                   t
                                 c
                                 c
                                   t
                                                                                   w
                                    o
                                    o
                                                                                 n
                                                                                  e
                                   i
                                   i
                                                                                  e
                                                                                      n
                                                                                      n
                                         o
                                                                           e
                                        t
                                        t
                                                                           e
                                                                                                r
                                                                         u
                                                                         u
                                                                                                r
                                         o
                                                                          s
                                                                          s

                                                                             t

                                                                                      i
                                                                             t
                                                                                               u
                                                                             h
                                                                             h
                                u

                                                                                      i

                                u
                  p r o c e s s   f o o d   w a s t e   i n   t h e   f a r m .   T h i s   z e r o  f o o d   w a s t e   s t r a t e g y   a l l o w e d   t h e   a g r o p r e n e u r
                  process food waste in the farm. This zero-food waste strategy allowed the agropreneur
                                                                                                     a
                                                                                                     a
                                                                                            m
                                                                                                       l
                                                                                                       l
                                                                                            m
                                                                                                r
                                                                                                r
                                                                                                  l
                                                                                                  l

                                                                                                e
                                                                                                e

                                                                                                   o
                  to be almost self-sufficient in terms of food provisions for his/her visitors, buy more local
                                                                                                    c


                                                                                              o
                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                    c
                                                                                              o


                                                                          h
                                                                        r
                                          n
                                          n
                                                                           i
                                                                           i
                                                                           s
                                                                          h
                                        e
                                        e
                                                                        r



                                                                     s
                                            i

                                                                       o
                                           t
                                           t
                                                                      f
                                                                      f
                                                                       o
                                                                           s


                                     f
                                      f
                                                                               r
                                                                               r
                                    u
                                    u
                                                                                  i
                                     f
                                                                                 v
                                                                                 v
                                      f
                                                                            /
                                                                             h
                                                                             h
                                        i
                                        i
                                                                            /
                                                                              e
                                      i
                                      i
                                       c
                                       c
                                                                              e
                                                                     s
                                                   s
                                                   s


                                                          d
                                                          d
                                                 m
                                                 m
                                                              r

                                                            p
                                                            p

                                                       f
                                                      f
                                                      f


                                                       f
                                                         o
                                                     o
                                                     o
                                                        o
                                                        o
                                                         o
                                                              r


                                                                  o
                                                                 s
                                                                  i
                                                                  i
                                             n
                                             n
                                            i
                                                                  o
                                                                    n
                                                                    n
                                                                 s
                                                              o
                                                                v
                                                                v
                                                 r
                                                 r
                                                              o
                                                                 i
                                               t
                                               t
                                               e
                                               e
                                                                 i
                                                                                  i
                                                                                   i
                                                                                        b
                                                                                      s
                                                                                    o
                                                                                   t
                                                                                   i
                                                                                   t
                                                                                       ,
                                                                                    o
                                                                                       ,
                                   s
                                                                                      s
                                                                                         u
                                                                                         u
                                   s
                                                                                     r
                                                                                           y
                                                                                           y
                                                                                     r
                                                                                  s
                                                                                  s

                                                                                        b

                                             e
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                  products – decreasing his/her impact on carbon emissions of food distribution -, adopt
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                  a greener source of energy for touristic accommodation – decreasing his/her impact
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                  on carbon emissions  of  energy  use –, and start a circular economy process that fully
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                  manages food waste.
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